Why is the maximum MTU size 1472 bytes when using ping?
On most systems the default interface MTU size is set to 1500 bytes:
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.86.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.86.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:7062 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 2600:6c40:7e80:2515:20c:29ff:fe9f:7062 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether 00:0c:29:9f:70:62 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 69 bytes 6460 (6.4 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 4842873 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 52 bytes 5902 (5.9 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
By using the ping command we can validate our network path is capable of transferring 1500 byte packets. But why does the command fail when the packet size is set to 1500 bytes?
jemurray@home-server:~$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 1500 128.252.5.113
PING 128.252.5.113 (128.252.5.113) 1500(1528) bytes of data.
ping: local error: Message too long, mtu=1500
--- 128.252.5.113 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors, 100% packet loss, time 0ms
If the ICMP packet size is reduced to 1472 bytes the transfer is successful:
jemurray@home-server:~$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 1472 128.252.5.113
PING 128.252.5.113 (128.252.5.113) 1472(1500) bytes of data.
1480 bytes from 128.252.5.113: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=12.7 ms
--- 128.252.5.113 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 12.796/12.796/12.796/0.000 ms
Using tshark, we can capture and decode what is going on. In this case nothing. When the MTU on the interface is 1500 bytes, the operating system is dropping the packet before it hits the wire.
Note: The error message: ping: local error: Message too long, mtu=1500 helps to validate this is a OS rejection, and not a network rejection.
jemurray@home-server:~$ sudo tshark -i ens160 -n -V icmp
Capturing on 'ens160'
....nothing captured.....
Increasing the MTU size on the interface to 9000 bytes changes the results:
jemurray@home-server:~$ sudo ifconfig ens160 mtu 9000
jemurray@home-server:~$ ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 9000
inet 192.168.86.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.86.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe9f:7062 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 2600:6c40:7e80:2515:20c:29ff:fe9f:7062 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether 00:0c:29:9f:70:62 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 185 bytes 51601 (51.6 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 4843390 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 28 bytes 4273 (4.2 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
The local error goes away, but the ping still fails:
jemurray@home-server:~$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 1500 128.252.5.113
PING 128.252.5.113 (128.252.5.113) 1500(1528) bytes of data.
--- 128.252.5.113 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 0ms
Now we can see the results from tshark, since the OS is no longer dropping the packets before they hit the wire:
Internet Protocol Version 4, Src: 192.168.86.5, Dst: 128.252.5.113
0100 .... = Version: 4
.... 0101 = Header Length: 20 bytes (5)
Differentiated Services Field: 0x00 (DSCP: CS0, ECN: Not-ECT)
0000 00.. = Differentiated Services Codepoint: Default (0)
.... ..00 = Explicit Congestion Notification: Not ECN-Capable Transport (0)
Total Length: 1528
Identification: 0x0000 (0)
Flags: 0x4000, Don't fragment
0... .... .... .... = Reserved bit: Not set
.1.. .... .... .... = Don't fragment: Set
..0. .... .... .... = More fragments: Not set
...0 0000 0000 0000 = Fragment offset: 0
Time to live: 64
Protocol: ICMP (1)
Header checksum: 0x97ea [validation disabled]
[Header checksum status: Unverified]
Source: 192.168.86.5
Destination: 128.252.5.113
Internet Control Message Protocol
Type: 8 (Echo (ping) request)
Code: 0
Checksum: 0x710e [correct]
[Checksum Status: Good]
Identifier (BE): 10184 (0x27c8)
Identifier (LE): 51239 (0xc827)
Sequence number (BE): 1 (0x0001)
Sequence number (LE): 256 (0x0100)
Timestamp from icmp data: Jul 8, 2020 12:18:15.000000000 CDT
[Timestamp from icmp data (relative): 0.350233474 seconds]
Data (1492 bytes)
0000 ee 57 05 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 .W..............
0010 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0020 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0030 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0040 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0050 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0060 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0070 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0080 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0090 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
00a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
00b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
00c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
00d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
00e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
00f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0100 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0110 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0120 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0130 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0140 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0150 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0160 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0170 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0180 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0190 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
01a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
01b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
01c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
01d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
01e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
01f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0200 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0210 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0220 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0230 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0240 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0250 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0260 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0270 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0280 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0290 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
02a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
02b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
02c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
02d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
02e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
02f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0300 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0310 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0320 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0330 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0340 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0350 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0360 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0370 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0380 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0390 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
03a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
03b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
03c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
03d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
03e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
03f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0400 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0410 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0420 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0430 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0440 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0450 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0460 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0470 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0480 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0490 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
04a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
04b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
04c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
04d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
04e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
04f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0500 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0510 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0520 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0530 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0540 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0550 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0560 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0570 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0580 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0590 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
05a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
05b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
05c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
05d0 d8 d9 da db ....
Data: ee57050000000000101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f...
[Length: 1492]
Let’s focus on the ICMP part of the packet. Notice the data block is 1492 bytes. Adding an additional 8 bytes for the ICMP header totals 1500 bytes for the ICMP portion of this packet. We still need to add the IP header, this additional information will cause the packet to exceed 1500 bytes.
Internet Control Message Protocol
Type: 8 (Echo (ping) request)
Code: 0
Checksum: 0x710e [correct]
[Checksum Status: Good]
Identifier (BE): 10184 (0x27c8)
Identifier (LE): 51239 (0xc827)
Sequence number (BE): 1 (0x0001)
Sequence number (LE): 256 (0x0100)
Timestamp from icmp data: Jul 8, 2020 12:18:15.000000000 CDT
[Timestamp from icmp data (relative): 0.350233474 seconds]
Data (1492 bytes)
Looking at the full packet, we see the total length is 1528 bytes. This is beyond what our 1500 byte interface is capable of handling:
Total Length: 1528
When the size of the ICMP packet is set to 1500 bytes, that is not taking into account the overhead of the IP header. For the command to succeed, the payload of the ICMP packet PLUS all other headers must not exceed 1500 bytes.
Looking at tshark again with a ICMP packet length of 1472 shows that the ICMP data payload is set to 1464, this combined with the ICMP headers = 1472 bytes. Adding on the overhead of the IP header and the packet stays within the 1500 byte limit:
Internet Protocol Version 4, Src: 192.168.86.5, Dst: 128.252.5.113
0100 .... = Version: 4
.... 0101 = Header Length: 20 bytes (5)
Differentiated Services Field: 0x00 (DSCP: CS0, ECN: Not-ECT)
0000 00.. = Differentiated Services Codepoint: Default (0)
.... ..00 = Explicit Congestion Notification: Not ECN-Capable Transport (0)
Total Length: 1500
Identification: 0x0000 (0)
Flags: 0x4000, Don't fragment
0... .... .... .... = Reserved bit: Not set
.1.. .... .... .... = Don't fragment: Set
..0. .... .... .... = More fragments: Not set
...0 0000 0000 0000 = Fragment offset: 0
Time to live: 64
Protocol: ICMP (1)
Header checksum: 0x9806 [validation disabled]
[Header checksum status: Unverified]
Source: 192.168.86.5
Destination: 128.252.5.113
Internet Control Message Protocol
Type: 8 (Echo (ping) request)
Code: 0
Checksum: 0x24fd [correct]
[Checksum Status: Good]
Identifier (BE): 10864 (0x2a70)
Identifier (LE): 28714 (0x702a)
Sequence number (BE): 1 (0x0001)
Sequence number (LE): 256 (0x0100)
Timestamp from icmp data: Jul 8, 2020 12:38:45.000000000 CDT
[Timestamp from icmp data (relative): 0.658390228 seconds]
Data (1464 bytes)
0000 a6 0b 0a 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0010 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0020 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0030 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0040 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0050 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0060 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0070 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0080 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0090 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
00a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
00b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
00c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
00d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
00e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
00f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0100 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0110 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0120 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0130 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0140 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0150 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0160 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0170 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0180 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0190 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
01a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
01b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
01c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
01d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
01e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
01f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0200 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0210 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0220 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0230 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0240 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0250 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0260 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0270 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0280 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0290 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
02a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
02b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
02c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
02d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
02e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
02f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0300 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0310 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0320 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0330 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0340 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0350 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0360 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0370 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0380 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0390 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
03a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
03b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
03c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
03d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
03e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
03f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0400 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0410 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0420 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0430 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0440 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
0450 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 XYZ[\]^_`abcdefg
0460 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 hijklmnopqrstuvw
0470 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 xyz{|}~.........
0480 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
0490 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 ................
04a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
04b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 ................
04c0 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 ................
04d0 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 ................
04e0 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 ................
04f0 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ................
0500 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ................
0510 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ........ !"#$%&'
0520 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ()*+,-./01234567
0530 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 89:;<=>?@ABCDEFG
0540 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
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0580 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ................
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05a0 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 ................
05b0 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf ........
Data: a60b0a0000000000101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f...
[Length: 1464]